What are the four-dimensional components of scoliosis curves ?

Scoliosis is a multidimensional spinal deformity that is twisted like a DNA in four distinct ways:

1. Frontal (coronal) plane – The spine curves sideways, forming an S or C shape when viewed from the front. 

2. Sagittal (side) plane – There’s an abnormal forward (kyphosis) or backward (lordosis) curvature when seen from the side. 

3. Axial (top-down) view – The vertebrae are rotated and twisted, adding a torsional element to the curve. 

4. Longitudinal (vertical height) – The overall height of the spine is reduced due to compression and vertebral wedging.

The combined impact of these distortions makes scoliosis a unique condition with three-dimensional rotation plus height loss—essentially a four-dimensional spinal deformity.

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